Positionality and protocol in field research: Undertaking community‐based investigations in Samoa

This article considers the experiences of a Samoan female geographer undertaking community‐based field research in her home country, and identifies some lessons for researchers working in similar circumstances. The paper suggests that ethical behaviour in research is ‘place‐specific’, and there is therefore a need to employ culturally sensitive and ‘location‐specific’ methodologies when undertaking community‐based research fieldwork. For the lead researcher, growing up in Samoa played a significant role in gaining an understanding of a set of robust and effective procedures to evaluate citizens' resilience to climatic and other environmental challenges. Fluency in everyday and more formal local languages, and awareness of local differences, each with multi‐layered connections to local communities, understanding cultural nuances and practising respect for va tapuia [sacred space or relationships] protocols, together facilitated the process of knowledge acquisition and helped to confirm the validity of the conclusions derived from the study.     

Looking back on development and disaster‐related displacement and resettlement,anticipating climate‐related displacement in the Asia Pacific region

The realisation that climate change might necessitate resettlement of people displaced initially raised interest in the experience of development‐forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR). Looking back, in 1980 the first international policy on involuntary resettlement was approved to address perceived weaknesses in state property and expropriation law to safeguard people in the way of development projects. Since then international policy and praxis have brought global attention to developmentally displaced people but have not guaranteed them an effective safeguard. Recently, renewed attention has focussed on state legal and governance frameworks substantively and procedurally. Identifying four key policy objectives that resonate with climate change displacement I analyse their treatment in a data base of DFDR laws and regulations from 40 Asia Pacific states. This analysis finds overall little legal congruence. Innovative new formulations in some Asian state laws address recent public criticisms and research findings, but mostly are yet to demonstrate positive outcomes for displaced people. Pacific states increasingly abandon expropriation law to negotiate lease terms for public infrastructure projects with customary landowners that do not extinguish customary title. Any laws governing climate change relocations must protect rights, livelihoods, well‐being, inclusive decision‐making and community initiatives with procedures whilst not relinquishing climate‐change‐reducing action.     

气候变化对椰心叶甲在中国适生区的影响

为明确椰心叶甲在中国的潜在适生区,降低椰心叶甲入侵造成经济和生态损失,本研究以CLIMEX软件和椰心叶甲的生物学资料为依据,结合ArcGIS反距离加权插值分析功能,利用历史气候数据（1981—2010年）和模拟未来气候数据（2071—2100年）,分析气候变化对椰心叶甲在中国的潜在适生区的影响。结果表明：在历史气候条件下,椰心叶甲主要分布于中国的南部地区,高度适生区分布面积最大。在未来气候条件下,椰心叶甲在国内适生区总面积增加,适生区具有北移的趋势。本研究可为椰心叶甲的管理防控提供一定的理论依据。     

2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空变化特征

随着居民对蔬菜消费需求的不断提高，拉萨市温室蔬菜地得到快速发展，但对温室蔬菜地格局变化过程仍缺乏清楚的认识。该研究基于2008－2018年11期拉萨市高清遥感影像，结合实地调研，采用重心转移分析、地统计分析等方法，研究了2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空格局变化特征。结果表明：1）2008－2018年，拉萨市温室蔬菜地面积总体呈波动上升趋势，年均增长率为6.93%。研究时段内，温室蔬菜地变化经历了发展、调整、稳定三个阶段，各阶段年均变化率分别为11.08%、-2.13%和0.77%。2）研究时段内，拉萨市城关区和堆龙德庆区温室蔬菜地比例下降56.2%，达孜区和曲水县温室蔬菜地比例上升51.58%，温室蔬菜地分布重心向远离城区的城郊转移，向东南方向迁移了约4 896 m。3）新增温室蔬菜地向高海拔和大坡度区域转移，海拔3 675～3 800 m范围内温室蔬菜地面积比例由22.05%上升到30.41%，坡度6°～10°区域温室蔬菜地面积占比上升5.92%。4）温室蔬菜地新增源于耕地，减少多因为建设用地扩张。蔬菜需求量大和温室蔬菜收益高是温室蔬菜地面积增加的基本动力，区域土地利用调整是温室蔬菜地格局变化的重要推动力。     

基于土壤微波辐射布儒斯特角反演土壤含水率

在利用被动微波遥感技术进行裸露地表土壤含水率(Soil Moisture Content,SMC)的反演中,土壤粗糙度是制约反演精度的最关键因素。该研究利用改进的积分方程模型(Advanced Integral Equation Model,AIEM)进行地表多角度微波发射率的模拟,探索地表微波辐射多角度信息用于提高地表SMC反演精度的可行性。基于不同SMC和不同粗糙度地表多角度V极化发射率数据的变化趋势提取土壤介质布儒斯特角,结果表明,土壤布儒斯特角对SMC具有较高的敏感性,C波段(6.6 GHz)不同含水率土壤的布儒斯特角分布在60°～80°范围内。基于AIEM模拟数据的分析发现,土壤布儒斯特角正切值与SMC具有较好的线性关系,线性拟合决定系数为0.94,均方根误差为0.027cm~3/cm~3,并得到了基于布儒斯特角的裸露地表SMC反演算法。基于模拟数据的算法验证结果表明,算法的SMC预测值与理论值的决定系数为0.95,均方根误差为0.024 cm~3/cm~3。算法在不同土壤粗糙度自相关函数下均表现出稳健的特性,SMC预测精度最大均方根误差为0.027 cm~3/cm~3,最小为0.023cm~3/cm~3。基于布儒斯特角的SMC反演算法利用的是多角度土壤发射率的相对变化而非其绝对数值,该研究为SMC的多角度被动微波遥感提供了一种不同的研究思路。     

Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Physical Characteristics as Affected by Land Uses under Semiarid Irrigated Conditions

ABSTRACT

Rice-Wheat rotation is the dominant land use in the state of Punjab, resulting in over exploitation of ground water resources. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate other land uses that requires less water and are sustainable. The present investigation was planned with four land uses viz., fallow (FLU), rice-wheat (ALU), grasses (GLU) and pear (PLU) with respect to their effect on soil organic carbon and soil physical characteristics in surface and subsurface depth in district Ludhiana, Punjab. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was higher by 10, 30.9 and 24.9% under rice-wheat, grasses, and pear than that under fallow. The grasses showed higher soil moisture characteristics curve (SMCC) and lower bulk density (Db) than that under rice-wheat. The larger mean weight diameter (MWD) were observed under pear, grasses and fallow than that under rice-wheat by 0.21, 0.51 and 0.41 mm, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) was higher in magnitude by 56.1, 55.4 and 28%, respectively under PLU, GLU and FLU over ALU. Of the evaluated land uses, pear and grasses proved to be more sustainable by retaining more moisture, maintaining better soil physical characteristics and SOC under semiarid irrigated conditions in the state on long term gradual response.     

基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

以宁杞7号枸杞为研究对象,在宁夏同心县开展2 a田间试验.设置4个关键控水期、3个控水水平共8个处理,研究枸杞不同生育期不同水分下限条件下根区土壤含水率、叶片光合生理指标、产量与品质变化;分析其耗水规律与水分利用效率,提出基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度.结果表明:不同水分处理枸杞根区20~60 cm土层土壤含水率最大;叶片气孔导度随土壤下限升高而增大,高水分下限处理的蒸腾速率相对较大,叶片水分利用效率则相反;生育期耗水量随土壤水分下限升高而增大,2 a增幅分别为10.8%和12.8%,平均耗水量为386.6~463.2 mm,夏果期耗水量最大且差异具有统计学意义,是关键需水期.2 a均为处理S5的产量最大分别为2 208.15和2 571.30 kg/hm²,水分利用效率最高为0.39 kg/m³;水分处理对蛋白质含量影响差异不具有统计学意义,低土壤水分下限的枸杞多糖含量相对较高;全生育期分为6个灌水期,其中萌芽期灌水(春水)为375 m³/hm²;春梢生长期、花期、夏果期、秋果期的土壤质量含水率下限分别为50%θ_f(θ_f为田间持水率),65%θ_f,65%θ_f,55%θ_f,而上限为95%θ_f;休眠期冬灌量为450 m³/hm².     

鄂托克前旗近50年降水变化特征分析

本文利用鄂托克前旗1967-2018年气象观测站近50年的气象资料,对鄂托克前旗降水特征进行分析。结果表明：整体来说，鄂托克前旗的年降水量变化呈现微弱降低趋势，每10a大约减少1.2mm；28a时间尺度决定的主周期控制着该地区的年降水变化特征，通过周期和突变分析，预计未来三年左右降水高于多年平均值，随后的14年左右时间内降水量呈现减少趋势，逐渐低于多年平均降水量。     

Mapping the current and future distributions of Onosma species endemic to Iran

Climate change may cause shifts in the natural range of species especially for those that are geographically restricted and/or endemic species. In this study, the spatial distribution of five endemic and threatened species belonging to the genus Onosma (including O. asperrima, O. bisotunensis, O. kotschyi, O. platyphylla, and O. straussii) was investigated under present and future climate change scenarios: RCP2.6 (RCP, representative concentration pathway; optimistic scenario) and RCP8.5 (pessimistic scenario) for the years 2050 and 2080 in Iran. Analysis was conducted using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to provide a basis for the protection and conservation of these species. Seven environmental variables including aspect, depth of soil, silt content, slope, annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual temperature range were used as main predictors in this study. The model output for the potential habitat suitability of the studied species showed acceptable performance for all species (i.e., the area under the curve (AUC)>0.800). According to the models generated by MaxEnt, the potential current patterns of the species were consistent with the observed areas of distributions. The projected climate maps under optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively) of 2050 and 2080 resulted in reductions and expansions as well as positive range changes for all species in comparison to their current predicted distributions. Among all species, O. bisotunensis showed the most significant and highest increase under the pessimistic scenario of 2050 and 2080. Finally, the results of this study revealed that the studied plant species have shown an acute adaptability to environmental changes. The results can provide useful information to managers to apply appropriate strategies for the management and conservation of these valuable Iranian medicinal and threatened plant species in the future.     

Response of soil respiration to nitrogen addition in two subtropical forest types

Anthropogenic activities have increased nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems, which directly and indirectly affects soil biogeochemical processes, including soil respiration. However, the effects of the increases in N availability on soil respiration are not fully understood. In this study, soil respiration was measured using an infrared gas analyzer system with soil chambers under four N treatments (0, 5, 15, and 30 g N m^-2 year^-1 as control, low N (LN), moderate N (MN), and high N (HN), respectively) in camphor tree and slash pine forests in subtropical China. Results showed that soil respiration rates decreased by 37% in the camphor tree forest and 27% in the slash pine forest on average on an annual base, respectively, in the N-fertilized treatments when compared with the control. No significant differences were found in the soil respiration rate among the LN, MN, and HN treatments in both forest types as these fertilized plots reached an adequate N content zone. In addition, soil microbial biomass carbon (C) content and fine root biomass declined in N-treated plots compared to the control. Our results indicated that elevated N deposition might alter the tree growth pattern, C partitioning, and microbial activity, which further affect soil C sequestration by reducing soil respiration in subtropical forests of China.